Multifunctional biomolecule-based nanocomposite materials were developed for advanced wound dressings and biodegradable food packaging applications. Wound dressings were developed by coating cotton gauze with chitosan and functionalizing it with Ca-doped ZnO and curcumin (Cur@CaZnO) nanocomposites. The dressing exhibited potent antibacterial activity, against B.subtilis, S.aureus, E.coli, and P.aeruginosa. It also demonstrated strong antibiofilm effects, inhibiting 80% of S. aureus and 71% of E. coli biofilm formation while disrupting over 70% of preformed biofilms. The Cur@CaZnO nanocomposite coating also provided pH-responsive real-time wound monitoring and improved mechanical flexibility to the pristine gauze. Biocompatibility assessments using L929 mouse fibroblast cells confirmed that nanocomposite reinforcement below 5 wt% was safe. A 2.5% nanocomposite-coated gauze promoted 96% L929 cell migration within 24 h, facilitating wound closure through enhanced fibroblast migration. The second part comprised the development of tranexamic acid (TRA)-infused chitosan-guar gum nanocomposite film (CGT/AgZnO) with 3 wt% Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles (CGT/AgZnO3), exhibiting 90% and 94% bacterial inhibition against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. The films showed high biofilm inhibition, reduced blood clotting index (BCI), and enhanced wound closure, with 100% L929 mouse fibroblast cell migration within 24 h with excellent hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. Further, a biodegradable food packaging film was fabricated by incorporating nano ZnO/N-doped nanoTiO₂ and eugenol (ZTE) into a chitosan-guar gum matrix (CG/ZTE). The optimized film exhibited 94% and 88% biofilm inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. It also provided enhanced mechanical strength, UV shielding, and moisture resistance, while its photocatalytic activity under 450 nm visible light exposure resulted in complete bacterial inactivation within 30 min. The shelf-life of wrapped chicken fillets in CG/ZTE films was extended to 12 days as compared to 6 days for unwrapped fillets. The weight loss of the composite film was more than 50% in soil within 30 days. Overall, these studies confirmed the potential of biomolecule and inorganic nanostructure-based nanocomposite films as promising solutions for bacterial protection, biofilm inhibition, wound healing, and sustainable food packaging, paving the way for enhanced biomedical and food safety applications.