Syllabus

Inertial and Non-Inertial frames Fundamental Forces - Pressure Gradient Forces, Gravitational Force, Friction or Viscous Force Apparent forces- Centrifugal Force, Coriolis force, Effective Gravity, Relation for a vector and its time derivative for fixed and rotating frame of reference, Seven primitive equations.

Momentum Equations in Cartesian, Spherical and Isobaric coordinate systems, Scale analysis of momentum equations, Geostrophic and Hydrostatic approximation, Natural Coordinate system, Equations of motion in natural coordinate system, Balanced motion- Geostropic Wind, Gradient wind, Inertial Flow, Cyclostrophic flow, Thermal Wind, Backing and Veering of winds.

Continuity equation, Scale analysis of continuity equation, Horizontal divergence, Vertical motion, Continuity equation in isobaric coordinate system, Thermodynamic energy equation, Scale analysis of thermodynamic energy equation.

Circulation & Vorticity, Kelvin’s Circulation Theorem, Bjerknes circulation theorem, Application to Land & Sea breeze, Vorticity equation, Scale analysis of vorticity equation, Potential Vorticity – Application to Orographic flow, Stream function and velocity potential.

To introduces the fundamentals of atmospheric dynamics that govern weather and climate in the tropics and mid-latitudes.

To understand the conservation and conversion of mass, momentum, energy principles in atmosphere and various force balances, and to explore various approximations/assumptions while progressing in understanding of atmospheric dynamics.

Understanding the basic concepts in fluid dynamics, such as dynamical components of the equations of motion and Lagrangian vs. Eulerian motion.

To understand the importance of friction, Earth’s rotation and atmospheric circulation in governing the flows.

Understanding the relative magnitudes of the forces and accelerations present in synoptic-scale mid-latitude weather patterns.

To learn the derivation and applications of conservation of mass, momentum, energy in the atmosphere with understanding the Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks for solving the fundamental equations.

To have a detailed, integrated knowledge of the fundamentals of atmospheric dynamics that govern weather and climate in the mid-latitudes and tropics.

Learning the limitations, approximations, and assumptions for solving the equations in a real-world scenario.

To apply the knowledge of atmospheric dynamics for practical numerical solutions.

Holton J. R. and G. J. Hakim, An Introduction to Dynamical Meteorology, Academic Press (ELSEVIER)

Lynch A. H. and and J. J. Cassano, Applied Atmospheric Dynamics, John Wiley and Sons Ltd

Haltiner G. J. and F.L.Martin, Dynamical and Physical Meteorology, McGraw-Hill Publications

Hess S. L, Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology, Krieger Publishing Company